Here is some discussion on olds' different system of governace. How it will be for Nepal? Share which one do you like?

1. Presidential / Separated republics
These are systems in which a president is the active head of the executive branch of government and is elected and remains in office independently of the legislature. The countries may include both democratic and non-democratic states.

Figure: Number of countries under different system in world.

Abbreviations - ConCer- constitutional, ceremonial monarchy, Con.Act - Constitutional Active Monarchy, Active - Active Monarchy, Theo-Theocracies, Trans.- Transitation, Total.Prs- Total Prisidental, Semi-Prs - Semi prisidental, parl.rep - Parlimantary republician, Mix.Rep - Mixed republic

a. Full presidential systems
In full presidential systems, the president is both head of state and head of government. There is generally no prime minister, although if one exists he or she serves purely at the pleasure of the president. Examples: Afghanistan Brazil Indonesia, Ghana, Nigeria, Sudan, Philippines, Uganda, USA

b. Semi-presidential systems
In semi-presidential systems, there is usually both a president and a prime minister. In such systems, the President has genuine executive authority, unlike in a parliamentary republic, but some of the role of a head of government is exercised by the prime minister, who is also leader of the legislature.
Republic of Korea, Pakistan, Finland, Russia, Sri Lanka, France, Peru, Kazakhstan, Kenya

C. Parliamentary republics
A parliamentary republic is a system in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. The president's degree of executive power may range from being reasonably significant (eg. Poland) to little or none at all (eg. Ireland). Where the president holds little executive power, their function is primarily that of a symbolic figurehead.
Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Germany, India, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Poland, Singapore, Turkey, Portugal

D. Mixed republican systems
Prime minister is also head of state and given title of president
Botswana , South Africa, Switzerland, San Marino


2. Constitutional monarchies
These are systems in which the head of state is a constitutional monarch; the existence of their office and their ability to exercise their authority is established and constrained by constitutional law.

a. Constitutional monarchies with ceremonial monarchs
Systems in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. The head of state is a constitutional monarch who only exercises his or her powers with the consent of the government, the people or their representatives.
United Kingdom, Australia, Belgium, Japan, Spain, Sweden, Thailand, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Malaysia, Cambodia, Canada, Denmark

b. Constitutional monarchies with active monarchs
The prime minister (or equivalent) is the nation's active executive, but the monarch still has considerable political powers that can be used at his/her own independent discretion.
United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco

3. Absolute monarchies
Monarchies in which the monarch's exercise of power is unconstrained by any constitutional law.
Bhutan, Brunei, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Swaziland, Vatican City State

4. Theocracies
States based on a state religion where the head of state is selected by some form of religious hierarchy. Iran [1] (to some degree) and the Holy See (Vatican City)

5. One-party states
States in which political power is concentrated within a single political party whose operations are largely fused with the government hierarchy. However, some do have elected governments.
People's Republic of China, Cuba, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Laos, Syria, Turkmenistan, Vietnam

6. Military junta states
The nation's military control the organs of government and all high-ranking political executives are also members of the military hierarchy.
Fiji, Libya, Myanmar

7. Transitional
States which have a system of government which is in transition or turmoil and cannot be accurately classified. (with current direction of change)
Eritrea (presidential republic), Iraq (parliamentary republic), Nepal (parliamentary republic) Somalia (semi-presidential republic), Sudan (bipartisan Government of National Unity)




Systems of Internal Governance

a. Federal
States in which the federal government shares power with semi-independent regional governments. In many cases, the central government is (in theory) a creation of the regional governments; a prime example is the United States.
United States (50 states, 2 commonwealths, 1 federal district, and 12 territories), Australia (6 states and 2 territories), Belgium (3 regions and 3 linguistic communities), Canada (10 provinces and 3 territories), Ethiopia (9 regions and 3 chartered cities), Germany (16 states), India (28 states and 7 union territories), Iraq (Currently 18 governates and 1 region), Malaysia (13 states and 3 federal territories), Russia (46 oblasts, 21 republics, 9 krais, 4 autonomous okrugs, 2 federal cities, 1 autonomous oblast), Pakistan (4 provinces and 2 territories, Switzerland (26 cantons), United Arab Emirates (7 emirates)

b. Devolved
States in which the central government has delegated some of its powers to self-governing subsidiary governments, creating a quasi-federation.
Spain (17 autonomous communities and 2 autonomous cities), United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland)

Figure: Number of countries under different system of internal govenance.

c. Regionalized unitary
States in which the central government has delegated some of its powers to regional governments.
People's Republic of China (22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities, and 2 special administrative regions), Italy (20 regions, 5 granted 'autonomous' status), New Zealand (16 regions), Philippines (17 regions, 1 autonomous region)

d. Federacy
A federacy is a country in which some substates function like states in a federation and others like states in a unitary state.
Denmark with 2 autonomous regions and 5 regions;
Finland with 1 autonomous province and 19 regions;
France with 1 sui generis collectivity and 26 régions, 4 collectivités d'outre-mer, 1 territoire d'outre-mer;
Kingdom of the Netherlands with 2 states and 12 provinces;

e. Unitary
A unitary state is a state whose three organs of state are governed constitutionally as one single unit, with one constitutionally created legislature. The political power of government in such states may well be transferred to lower levels, to national, regional or local elected assemblies, governors and mayors (devolved government), but the central government retains the principal right to recall such delegated power (for example Farum Municipality was ruled by the Danish Government for a while).
Afghanistan, Philippines, Poland, Peru, Russia, Sweden, Singapore, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, New Zealand, Thailand, France, Ghana, China

Multipary communism

Communist state is a term used by many political scientists to describe a form of government in which the state operates under a one-party system and declares allegiance to Marxism-Leninism or a derivative thereof.

Communist states may have several legal political parties, but the Communist Party is constitutionally guaranteed a dominant role in government. Consequently, the institutions of the state and of the Communist Party become intimately entwined.

What separates Communist states from other one-party systems is the fact that ruling authorities in a Communist state refer to Marxism-Leninism as their guiding ideology. For Marxist-Leninists, the state and the Communist Party claim to act in accordance with the wishes of the industrial working class; for Maoists, the state and party claim to act in accordance to the peasantry. Both systems claim to have implemented a democratic dictatorship of the proletariat, and both claim to be moving towards the gradual abolition of the state and the implementation of communism. These claims have been strongly disputed by opponents of the historical Communist states, including communists who do not subscribe to Marxism-Leninism or who regard these states as bastardizations of the ideology.





Countries where institutions of the communist party and state are intertwined:
People's Republic of China (since 1949); Communist Party of China



Republic of Cuba (Cuban Revolution in 1959, socialist state declared in 1961); Communist Party of Cuba





Democratic People's Republic of Korea (since 1948); Korean Workers' Party officially describes itself as a socialist republic governed according to the ideology of Juche, which is derived from Marxist-Leninist theory.



Lao People's Democratic Republic (since 1975); Lao People's Revolutionary Party



Socialist Republic of Vietnam (since 1976); Communist Party of Vietnam (ruled the Democratic Republic of Vietnam since 1954)



Countries with democratically elected communist parties heading the government are:
Cyprus the Progressive Party of Working People won the 2008 presidential election
Moldova the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova has governed the country since 2001



The People's Republic of China is transiting toward a market economy. Laos has removed all the references to Marxism-Leninism, communism and socialism in the Constitution in 1991. Vietnam is "in transition toward socialism in the light of Marxism-Leninism" and Cuba is "a socialist state guided by ideas of Marx, Engels and Lenin and in transition to a communist society". While these countries share a similar system of government, they have adopted very different economic policies over the past 15 years.

Communist country red

New and Old Nepal